1940
In 2011, eighty-three-year old Philip Levine was named Poet Laureate of the United States. A native of Detroit, Levine worked in various industrial jobs as a young man. His experiences on the night shift at an auto factory provided him with one of the major topics for his poems. He remembers Detroit as a “vital city,” which is confirmed by five menus from the spring of 1940 that shows a prosperous Midwestern city hard at work and play.
This menu from the Detroit-Leland Hotel features an aerial photograph on the cover. Dated May 23, 1940, it does not reflect World War II which had already started in Europe. Continuing its march of conquest that began with the invasion of Poland the previous year, Nazi Germany was on this day still crushing the Netherlands and France. In response, the United States encouraged the car companies to retool and manufacture military equipment for its European allies. America entered the war directly in December 1941, following Japan’s surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.
Affectionately called the “Chopper,” the London Chop House was also known for its steaks, chops, and fine wines. It also served alcoholic concoctions like the Zombi, touted on the menu below as the “world’s most potent potion.” A better bet was to order something from their excellent wine list, such as the 1928 Chateau Margaux, a first growth Bordeaux from one of the legendary vintages of the twentieth century. Although the Margaux is a relative bargain at $4.50, it was still pricey by the standards of the day. In 1940, the average cost of a new car was $850, representing about eight months wages for a factory worker, or seven months of a teacher’s salary.
The Cow Shed was corny nightclub situated in an old fire station dating back to mid-nineteenth century. Its rustic interior was designed to look like the inside of a barn. Similar barn-themed restaurants included Topsy’s Roost in San Francisco, where patrons sat in ramshackle chicken coops; and the Village Barn in New York’s Greenwich Village. Featuring country music, square dancing, and audience participation games, such restaurants were popular with middle- and working-classes in the 1930s and 1940s.The person who saved this beverage list from 1940 inscribed “cured my curiosity” on the menu.
The modest menu below comes from the wood-paneled executive dining room at Chrysler’s plant on Jefferson Avenue. Located only a few miles east from downtown, this plant was situated in an area where the city’s first factories were established along the Detroit River. Illustrated with photographs of the laboratories and the company's new car models, this menu is dated June 17, 1940. In Europe, German tanks were racing toward Paris; France capitulated six days later.
It was about this time that Chrysler’s president K. T. Keller received a call from the Office of Production (O.P.A.) in Washington. “K.T., will you make tanks?” asked the O.P.A. chief. “Sure” replied K.T., “Where can I see one?” Described by Fortune magazine as “heavy, hearty, two-fisted, and go-getting,” Keller was a tough production man who led Chrysler during its massive retooling effort to produce military equipment. In particular, the Jefferson plant manufactured a wide range of materiel for the war, including industrial engines, steel pontoons, marine vehicles called “sea mules,” artificial-smoke machines used to conceal ships and amphibious troops, heavy-duty fire pumps, air raid sirens, submarine nets, and highly-polished searchlight reflectors. The war not only dramatically changed Chrysler’s product line, it also transformed its work force which suddenly included large numbers of African-Americans and women for the first time.
Chrysler's Jefferson Plant, East Detroit, ca. 1940 |
Three weeks earlier, Chrysler hosted a banquet at the Book-Cadillac Hotel for 1,400 of its supervisors and managers, a sizable representation of its 76,000 workers. In the booklet shown below, all of the attendees are listed by name under the heading “All Present and Accounted For” (only one page is reproduced below), giving the meeting the feeling of a corporate call to arms. It also provides the lyrics to four songs intended to boast morale like “God Bless America” and “Dump All Your Troubles,” along with the program, menu, and photographs of top management, including one of K. T. Keller, named here as the “boss.”
Providing an anecdotal glimpse of life in Detroit during a brief moment before the war, these menus bring to mind some of the changes that have come about over the last seventy years. Generally speaking, today’s menu covers no longer reflect the civic pride and optimism expressed by the aerial view of Detroit, nor have the workers in our industrial heartland been singing many songs at company meetings lately. In addition, the menus suggest that America was a more level society in 1940, as reflected by the simple fare served in the executive dining room. Perhaps most troubling, the Chrysler meeting reminds us of how the military-industrial complex evolved after the war. One of the first warnings about its dangers came from President Eisenhower in his farewell address in 1961. Today, military contractors are permanent industries not capable of retooling to produce consumer products in times of peace, thereby hindering the nation’s ability to beat its “swords into plowshares and spears into pruning hooks,” as it says in the Book of Isaiah.
Creating verse well-suited for our times, poet Philip Levine says that anger has been the engine in his poetry. To this point, the New York Times recently described his work as radiating “a heat of a sort not often felt in today’s poetry, that transmitted by grease, soil, factory light, cheap and honest food, sweat, low pay, cigarettes and second shifts. It is a plainspoken poetry ready-made, it seems, for a time of S&P downgrades, a double-dip recession and debts left unpaid.”
An Abandoned Factory, Detroit
By Philip Levine
The gates are chained, the barbed-wire fencing stands,
An iron authority against the snow,
And this grey monument to common sense
Resists the weather. Fears of idle hands,
Of protest, men in league, and of the slow
Corrosion of their minds, still charge this fence.
Beyond, through broken windows one can see
Where the great presses paused between their strokes
And thus remain, in air suspended, caught
In the sure margin of eternity.
The cast-iron wheels have stopped; one counts the spokes
Which movement blurred, the struts inertia fought,
And estimates the loss of human power,
Experienced and slow, the loss of years,
The gradual decay of dignity.
Men lived within these foundries, hour by hour;
Nothing they forged outlived the rusted gears
Which might have served to grind their eulogy.
2 comments:
Henry, nice post! I interpret "cured my curiosity" to mean "I don't need to ever go back there."
Nice post!.... Especially since it mentions Levine! One of my favorite poets! I used some lines from one of his poems, "What Work Is," as an epigram in my book Huddle Fever. I love his prose book, The Bread of Time.... Detroit is a sad story, but this remembers its heyday so well...
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